Stability analysis and quantitative evaluation of metronidazole suspension.

Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture including solid particles that are satisfactorily bulky for sedimentation. Generally they must be larger than one micrometer. It is when particles are left floating around freely in a solvent. The inner phase (solid) is discrete all through the external phase (fluid) during mechanical stir, with utilizing of certain excipients or suspending agents. Metronidazole or 2-(2 methyl-5 nitro-1 H –imidazol-1 yl) ethanol belongs to the nitro imidazole group of antibiotics whose antimicrobial property through derive from the formation of toxic free radicals by intracellular reduction. The objective of present study was to prepare suspension of Metronidazole by using different suspending agents and stability testing was to provide evidence on how the quality of suspensions varies with the time under of influence of environmental factors such as temperature, light, oxygen, moisture, other ingredient or excipients in the dosage form, particle size of drug, microbial contamination etc. and to establish a recommended storage condition. The FTIR and DSC techniques are use for characterization of active ingredient MBZ. This suspension was evaluated for appearance, pH, sedimentation volume and dissolution study for in vitro drug release. Result of evaluation indicates 1% w/v xanthan gum give optimal characteristic suspension. Suspension containing 1% w/v was exposed for the stability studies as per ICH guidelines. The suspensions were evaluated for their physicochemical parameter, particle size, drug release, drug content and microbiological assessment. The suspension shows good stability at 25ºC ± 2 ºC /60%± 5% RH, 30 ºC ± 2 ºC /65%± 5% RH and good quantitative analysis result throughout the period of study. Suspension stored at 40 ºC ± 2 ºC /75%± 5% RH shows noncompliance with the analysis parameter after 4 week of storage. This indicate high temperature storage was shows degradation of the suspension which results in crystal growth in formulation and affect the physicochemical parameter as Appearance, pH, viscosity, specific gravity, drug dissolution profile and drug content.

Pure choriocarcinoma of ovary diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology.

Pure ovarian choriocarcinoma is extremely rare and can develop as a germ cell tumor or as a metastasis from uterine or tubal gestational choriocarcinoma or rarely from an ovarian pregnancy. The cytomorphologic findings have been reported previously in different sites. However, this is the first case of pure ovarian choriocarcinoma diagnosed on cytology to the best of our knowledge. The distinction between a gestational and nongestational choriocarcinoma is difficult. A 19-year-old female patient presented with an irregular per-vaginal bleeding and a mass in lower abdomen. Fine needle aspiration cytology smears of the mass were hypocellular and showed large, multinucleated giant cells and malignant mononucleated cells. Background was hemorrhagic. Serum β hCG level was 3,80,000 mIU/ml. A diagnosis of choriocarcinoma was offered which was later confirmed by histopathology. The diagnosis of choriocarcinoma on fine needle aspiration cytology is based on the presence of large, multinucleated giant cells and malignant mononucleated cells. A high index of suspicion should be maintained and estimation of serum β hCG plays a key role in supporting the diagnosis.

Extra genital heterologous malignant mixed mullerian tumor of primary peritoneal origin.

The case of an extragenital heterologous malignant mixed müllerian tumor (MMMT) of primary peritoneal origin occurring in a 76-year-old female is presented. A large tumor was seen between the uterus and rectosigmoid occupying the entire pelvis. The uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries were uninvolved. The tumor was composed of carcinomatous areas showing endometrioid and serous papillary differentiation and sarcomatous areas showing cartilaginous differentiation. The extragenital primary MMMTs of the female peritoneum are thought to originate from the secondary müllerian system. This case is presented for its rarity. To the best our knowledge, this is the first case of extragenital MMMT of primary peritoneal origin in Indian literature.

Diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid in mesenteric lymph node by fine needle aspiration cytology.

Although carcinoid tumor is a relatively common neoplasm in surgical pathology, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a method of primary diagnosis has only been reported a few times. We report the case of a 55-year-old male patient who presented with colicky pain in the abdomen and a vague mass in the right lumbar region. Ultrasonographic study showed an enlarged mesenteric lymph node. Ultrasonography-guided FNAC revealed cellular smears with neuroendocrine cellular arrangement and morphology. The cytomorphologic characteristics of carcinoid tumors are distinctive enough for diagnosis. A diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid was given. 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in 24-hour urine turned out to be high. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry studies also confirmed the diagnosis. Thus, FNAC can be a useful and safe tool in the diagnosis of carcinoid tumors.

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT): a case report with review of literature.

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is an uncommon cause of thrombocytopenia in children. Mutations in the thrombopoietin (Tpo) receptor gene C-mpl were found to be the likely cause of thrombocytopenia and complete marrow failure. Two types are identified: CAMT with or without congenital anomalies. We report a case of the latter type for its extreme rarity.

Primary malignant melanoma of left buccal mucosa with metastasis in thyroid: a case report.

Primary oral malignant melanomas are rare with an incidence of .2 to 8% of all melanomas. Less than 1% of them arise on buccal mucosa. Grossly they arise as a black macule with irregular borders & are commonly of mucosal lentiginous type. They appear at a higher stage and are aggressive with a 5 yr survival rate of 10-25%. 39% of metastasis in thyroid occur from skin (melanomas) and melanomas produce a thyroid mass while the original source remains occult. We report a case of oral malignant melanoma of left buccal mucosa for its rarity and its spread to cervical lymph nodes and thyroid.

Infantile fibromatosis (desmoid type)--a case report.

Infantile fibromatosis represents the childhood counter part of musculoaponeurotic fibromatosis & arises as a solitary mass in skeletal muscle, adjacent fascia, aponeurosis or periosteum. The lesion is extremely rare. Microscopically it exists in two forms diffuse (mesenchymal) & desmoid. The less common desmoid form rarely occurs in infancy. Immunophenotype shows vimentin positivity with variable positivity with muscle markers. The differential diagnosis of this type is infantile fibrosarcoma. The tumor may locally recur if inadequately excised. We report a case of infantile fibromatosis of desmoid type occurring in 10 months male child for its extreme rarity.

Meckel Gruber Syndrome--a case report.

Meckel Gruber Syndrome is a rare syndrome inherited as Mendelian autosomal recessive condition. The affected infant usually has a large occipital encephalocoele associated with renal cysts and sometimes polydactyly. The prognosis is poor. The affected child is still born or dies early in infancy. If diagnosis is done by prenatal ultrasound examination termination of pregnancy can be done.

Primary adenocarcinoma of the vermiform appendix: a case report.

Primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix is rare, and since Berger first recognised the neoplasm in 1882, fewer than 250 cases have been recorded. Adenocarcinoma of the appendix is never suspected pre-operatively, being usually first discovered by histological examination. Ileocaecal resection during the first operation and right hemicolectomy for a carcinoma diagnosed after appendicectomy remain the main stay of treatment.

Hypoplasia of the abdominal aorta--a case report.

Infrarenal aortic coarctation is a very uncommon vascular disease. It has been named as hypoplasia of abdominal aorta, mid aortic dysplasia, mid aortic syndrome, atrophy of aorta, atresia of the terminal aorta & atypical coarctation. The pathogenesis is still controversial. Hypertension is an almost universal feature of this disorder. We present a case report with postmortem findings of a young female patient having hypoplasia of abdominal aorta for its rarity.

Nodular and diffuse fibrous proliferation of tunica vaginalis--a case report.

A case of nodular and diffuse fibrous proliferation (NDFP) of the tunica vaginalis testis occurring in a 40 year male is described. Immunohistochemistry confirmed fibroblastic origin. Histogenesis & differential diagnosis of this lesion is considered. Simple excision of this lesion is curative. The lesion is very rare but it is important that both surgeons & pathologists become aware of this entity to avoid radical orchiectomy in young patients.

Leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum.

A case of leiomyosarcoma of the scrotum is reported for its rarity. The tumor measured 6.2 x 4 x 4 cm and presented as a gradually increasing painless mass of 1 month duration. Light microscopy showed the typical interlacing fascicles of neoplastic cells with mitotic count of 1-2 / 10 HPF in different areas. Immunoperoxidase stains of vimentin & desmin and electron microscopy confirmed its muscle origin.

Quantitative evaluation of muscle relaxation induced by Kundalini yoga with the help of EMG integrator.

The present work is aimed to quantify the degree of relaxation of muscle under the effects of Kundalini Yoga with the help of EMG integrator. The data collected from 8 individuals (4 males 4 females) on the degree of muscle relaxation at the end of meditation revealed a significantly decreased muscle activity amounting to 58% of the basal level in both the sexes.